www.dakurajsingh.com

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WORLD HISTORY

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2,500,000 BC - 00 BC


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ENCAPSULATION

Humanity has evolved, survived and developed only to fight amongst itself.

The present age will also pass but humanity will retain "animalilty".

Humanity calls itself civilized but is it?

Go through the following encapsulated time-line table and decide for yourself.

(The trick would be to imagine yourself in any of these ages and figure out how much of human nature has or has not changed.)


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"SURVIVAL & DEVELOPMENT."

AMERICAS TO AFRICA	EUROPE TO ASIA	CHINA TO AUSTRALIA
2,500,000-1,500,000 BC Homo habilis ("handy man") appear in Africa. They are the first people to make and use tools.	-	-
-	2,000,000 BC The Quarternary Ice Age begins. It consists of 17 glacials (cold periods) seperated by 17 interglacials (warmer periods).	-
1,500,000 BC Homo erectus ("upright man") appear in Africa. They are the first people to spread out of Africa.	-	-
-	1,200,000 BC The Neanderthals, a sub-species of Homo sapiens ("wise man") appear in Africa, Asia & Europe. They are the first humans to bury their dead.	-
-	-	40,000 years ago People move from South East Asia to the islands of Indonesia, New Guinea & Australia.
-	-	40,000 BC Rock engravings in Australia - maybe the oldest art found.
-	-	35,000 BC Homo sapien sapiens ("modern humans") are living in many parts of the world including Australia.
-	30,000 BC The Neanderthals die out as modern humans appear in Asia & Europe.	-
-	29,000 BC Mammoth hunters make clay figures of people.	-
26,000 BC Cave paintings made in Namibia, Africa.	-	-
-	-	25,000 years ago Aborigines settle in southeast Australia. This part of Australia later becomes the island of Tasmaina (when the sea level rises about 12,000 years ago).
-	24,000 BC The Ice Age enters its latest glacial. Ice covers about a third of the Earth. Sea levels fall by over 300 feet (90 m).	-
-	24,000 BC Venus of Willendorf is carved in Austria.	-
22,000 BC Hunter-gatherers cross from Asia into North America via the Bering Strait "land bridge".	-	22,000 BC Hunter-gatherers cross from Asia into North America via the Bering Strait "land bridge".
20,000 BC Modern humans have crossed from Asia into the Americas.	-	-
-	18,000 BC The last Ice Age reaches its coldest point. People living in Mezhirich in the Ukraine build huts from Mammoth bones & tusks.	-
-	17,000-12,000 BC Animals are painted on cave walls at Lascaux, France.	-
14,000 BC The Bering Strait floods over again as the ice melts & sea levels rise.	-	14,000 BC The Bering Strait floods over again as the ice melts & sea levels rise.
-	2,000,000-12,000 BC The Old Stone (Paleolithic) Age. First stone tools made.	-
-	12,000 BC In Europe, glaciers retreat & the Ice Age ends.	-
-	12,000 BC The Middle Stone (Mesolithic) Age. Greater variety of stone tools made.	-
-	-	10,500 BC The first clay pots are made in Japan.
-	10,000 BC The New Stone (Neolithic) Age. Stone sickles & hoes.	-
-	9,000 BC A shrine stands on the site of ancient Jericho in the Near East.	-
-	8,000 BC Rising sea level seperates Britain from the continent of Europe.	-
-	8,000 BC Farming begins in the Near East in an area known as the Fertile Crescent, and in Southeast Asia. Sheep are domeasticated in Iraq.	-
-	8,000 BC Jericho, built on the west bank of river Jordan, thrives - some 2000 people live there. The first bricks are made by Jericho's people.	-
-	7,000 BC The Copper Age begins in the Near East. First metal tools.	-
7,000 BC Farming develops in Central & South America. Clay pots for storing grain & water are made in the Near East & Africa.	-	-
-	7,000 BC Jericho is destroyed by earthquake (the town is later rebuilt). Çatal Hüyük is founded.	-
-	6,500 BC The oldest known textiles are woven at Çatal Hüyük in Turkey.	-
-	6,500 BC Some 5000 people live in Çatal Hüyük. Linen, made from flax, is woven into cloth for clothes.	-
-	6,000 BC Beer, made from grain, is brewed in the Near East.	-
-	6,000 BC The first farmers settle in Crete.	-
-	5,500 BC The Bronze Age begins in the Near East. Copper is first used in Europe.	-
5,000 BC Farming is adopted in China & Egypt and spreads to Europe. It also begins in India, along the Indus & Ganges river valleys.	5,000 BC Farming is adopted in China & Egypt and spreads to Europe. It also begins in India, along the Indus & Ganges river valleys.	5,000 BC Farming is adopted in China & Egypt and spreads to Europe. It also begins in India, along the Indus & Ganges river valleys.
-	5,000 BC Early Sumerians begin to farm in Ubaid, southern Mesopotamia (Iraq).	-
5,000-3,100 BC Predynastic period in Egypt. Several cultures appear along the Nile valley.	-	-
-	4,500 BC People start building Megaliths in western Europe.	-
-	4,400 BC Horses are domesticated in eastern Europe and used for riding for the first time.	-
-	4,000 BC The first plows, made of sharp forked sticks, are used in the Near East. The earliest plow marks discovered were in Mesopotamia.	-
-	4,000 BC The start of the Uruk Period. The Sumerians learn how to smelt metal. They use sailing boats on the Tigris & Euphrates rivers.	-
4,000 BC Boats on the Nile use sails for the first time.	-	-
-	4,000 BC First passage graves are built at Carnac, France.	-
-	-	4,000 BC People from New Guinea settle in the Solomon Islands (Melanesia).
-	3,500 BC The Sumerians invent writing & the wheel. They discover how to make bronze from copper & tin.	-
3,372 BC The first date in Mayan (central America) calender.	-	-
3,200 BC Early hieroglyphs are used in Egypt.	-	-
-	3,200 BC Newgrange grave is built in Ireland.	-
3,100 BC King Menes unites Lower & Upper Egypt.	-	-
-	3,000 BC The Iron Age begins in Europe. (Iron is used from 700 BC in the Near East & Africa.)	-
-	3,000-1,000 BC People on Crete & mainland mainland Greece learn how to make bronze.	-

"SUPEREGO, OPPORTUNISM & HAND OF GOD."

3,100-2,686 BC Archaic Period (Dynasties 1 & 2) in Egypt.	-	-
-	2,900-2,400 BC The early Dynastic Period. Kings are established in the main Sumerian cities.	-
-	2,800-2,000 BC Stonehenge is built in England.	-
-	2,750-2,000 BC Megalithic temples are built in Malta.	-
-	2,900-2,400 BC The early Dynastic Period. Kings are established in the main Sumerian cities.	-
2,686-2,150 BC Old Kingdom (Dynasties 3 to 6) in Egypt. The first of the pyramids are built.	-	-
2,589-2,566 BC Reign of King Khufu (Dynasty 4) in Egypt.	-	-
2,580 BC The Sphinx and Great Pyramid at Giza (a tomb for King Khufu) are built in Egypt.	-	-
-	2,500 BC The Indus valley Civilization is at its height.	-
-	2,400-2,100 BC Sumer is conquered by the Akkadians, then by the Gutians.	-
-	2,300 BC The Sumerian city of Agade dominates the region.	-
2,246-2,150 BC Reign of King Pepi (Dynasty 6), the longest reign in history of Egypt.	-	-
2,150-2,040 BC First Intermediate Period (Dynasties 7 to 10) in Egypt.	-	-
-	2,100 BC The city of Ur in Sumeria reaches the height of its power under King Ur-Nammu.	-
2,040-1,640 BC Middle Kingdom (Dynasties 11 to 13) in Egypt. King Mentuhotep II reunites Egypt and restores order.	-	-
-	2,000 BC The epic of Gilgamesh is first written down. The city of Ur is destroyed by the Elamites. Sumerian civilization comes to an end.	-
-	2,000 BC The first palaces are built on Crete by the Minoans.	-
From 2,000 BC The kingdom of Kush begins in Nubia (northern Sudan).	-	-
-	2,000-1,450 BC The Old Assyrian empire (Iraq).	-
-	1,894 BC The Amorite people establish the minor kingdom of Babylon in Mesopotamia (Iraq).	-
-	1,850 BC Abhraham leads his people from Ur in Mesopotamia to Canaan (Palestine).	-
-	1,813-1,781 BC Reign of King Shamshi-Adad, a great Assyrian warrior and empire builder (Iraq).	-
-	1,792 BC Reign of King Hammurabi. Babylon (Iraq) first rises to power.	-
-	-	1,700-1,027 BC The Shang Dynasty rules China.
-	1,700 BC The Minoan palaces in Crete are destroyed by earthquakes and are later rebuilt.	-
1,640-1,552 BC Second Intermediate Period (Dynasties 14 to 17) in Egypt. The Hyksos people from Asia overrun Egypt.	-	-
-	1,600-1,100 BC The Mycenaeans dominate mainland Greece.	-
-	1,600 BC The Mycenaeans first reach Crete.	-
-	1,595 BC Babylon is plundered by the Hittites (Turkey), then falls to Kassites.	-
-	1,595-1,155 BC The Kassites rule Babylon (Iraq)	-
-	1,500 BC The Indus Valley region is taken over by Aryans - Indo-Europeans from western Asia. Their religious beliefs mix with those of the Indus cities to form the basis of the religion of Hinduism.	-
-	1,500 BC Phoenician cities flourish in the Mediterranean under foreign rule.	-
1,500 BC The kingdom of Kush (northern Sudan) is conquered by Egypt.	-	-
-	1,450 BC The Mycenaeans of Greece become rulers of Crete.	-
-	1,450 BC A volcanic eruption destroys all the palaces in Crete, Knossos included.	-
-	1,390 BC Hittite king Suppilulumas (Turkey) conquers northern Syria & Mitanni.	-
1,285 BC Battele of Kadesh between Hittites (Turkey) & Egyptians; no clear winner.	1,285 BC Battele of Kadesh between Hittites (Turkey) & Egyptians; no clear winner.	-
-	1,250 BC Traditional date of fall of Troy, a Mycenaean city in Greece.	-
-	1,200 BC The Mycenaean culture in Greece begins to decline, possibly owing to crop failure and a weak economy. People begin to abandon the great cities.	-
1,200 BC Moses leads the Hebrews out of Egypt.	-	-
1,200 BC The Olmec civilization flourishes on the coast of Mexico.	-	-
-	1,200 BC Hittite empire (Turkey) collapses under pressure from the Sea Peoples (raiders who terrorized the eastern Mediterranean).	-
1,200-200 BC The Chavin civilization flourishes on the coast of northern Peru.	-	-
1,140 BC Phoenicians of the Mediterranean set up colony of Utica in North Africa.	-	-
-	1,126-1,105 BC King Nebuchadnezzar I reigns Babylon in Mesopotamia (Iraq).	-
-	1,100-800 BC The Dark Ages in Greece.	-
1,100 BC The Olmecs of Mexico build a great cermonial center at San Lorenzo.	-	-
-	1,100 BC Phoenicians of the Mediterranean become independent of foreign rule.	-
-	1,029 BC Saul's successor, David, of the Jews forms the kingdom of Israel and makes Jerusalem his capital. In Jerusalem, King Solomon builds the first Temple.	-
-	-	1,027-256 BC The Zhou Dynasty rules China.
-	1,000 BC The Phoenician alphabet of 22 letters is developed in the Mediterranean (vowels were later added by the Greeks).	-
1,000 BC The Olmec city of La Venta in Mexico becomes a major center for fishing, farming and trade.	-	-
-	-	1,000 BC People from Melanesia sail east to settle on Fiji. Other people from Polynesia also make viyages to colonize the Fijian islands.
-	1,000-612 BC New Assyrian empire (Iraq) - a huge Hittite empire (Turkey) is conquered.	-
-	982 BC King Solomon of the Jews dies, his kingdom gets divided into Israel & Judah.	-
900 BC The Kush (northern Sudan) gain independence from Egypt.	-	-
-	900 BC The state of Sparta is founded by the Greek Dorians.	-
-	883-859 BC Reign of Assyrian King Ashurnasirpal II (Iraq), who builds a great palace at Nimrud.	-
850-200 BC Chavin de Huantar in the Peruvian Andes is at the height of its power.	-	-
814 BC The city of Carthage is founded by the Phoenicians of the Mediterranean in North Africa.	814 BC The city of Carthage is founded by the Phoenicians of the Mediterranean in North Africa.	-
-	800-500 BC The Archaic Period. Greece revives after a period of decline called The Dark Ages.	-
-	776 BC The first Olympic Games are held in Olympia, Greece.	-
-	753 BC The traditional date for the founding of Rome.	-
-	745-727 BC Reign of Assyrian King Tiglathpileser III (Iraq), who conqueres Israel.	-
-	750-550 BC Many Greek colonies are set up around the Mediterranean.	-
-	731-626 BC The Assyrians (Iraq) and Chaldeans fight for control of Babylon in Mesopotamia (Iraq).	-
-	729 BC The Assyrian (Iraq) King, Shalmaneser V, invades Phoenicia of the Mediterranean.	-
728 BC The Kush (northern Sudan) defeat Egypt.	-	-
-	727 BC The Greeks adopt the alphabet of the Phoencians of the Mediterranean.	-
-	722 BC The Assyrians (Iraq) conquer Israel.	-
-	721-705 BC Reign of Assyrian King Sargon II (Iraq), who builds a palace at Khorsabad.	-
700 BC The Olmex of Mexico abandon San Lorenzo.	-	-
-	700 BC The Greek poet Homer composes the Lliad & the Odyssey.	-
-	668-627 BC Reign of Assyrian King Ashurbanipal (Iraq), who makes Nineveh his capital. He sacks the great cities of Thebes, Babylon and Susa.	-
-	626-529 BC Babylon in Mesopotamia (Iraq) emerges as a major power in the Near Middle East.	-
626-605 BC King Nebopolassar defeats the Assyrians (Iraq) & rules Babylon in Mesopotamia (Iraq). Babylonian army, under King Nebuchadnezzar II, defeats Egypt to win Syria.	626-605 BC King Nebopolassar defeats the Assyrians (Iraq) & rules Babylon in Mesopotamia (Iraq). Babylonian army, under King Nebuchadnezzar II, defeats Egypt to win Syria.	-
-	612 BC Assyria (Iraq) is invaded and conquered by the Medes and Babylonians.	-
-	605-562 BC King Nabopolassar's son, King Nabuchadnezzar II, rules Babylon in Mesopotamia (Iraq).	-
600 BC The Nok culture begins in northern Nigeria.	-	-
-	600-500 BC Celtic culture develops in Austria & later in France.	-
-	597 BC King Nebuchadnezzar II of Babylon in Mesopotamia (Iraq) conquers Judah (southern Palestine) & puts down three rebellions there.	-
-	587 BC The Babylonians (Iraq) conquer Judah.	-
-	586 BC King Nebuchadnezzar II of Babylon in Mesopotamia (Iraq) destroys Jerusalem & exiles its people to Babylon.	-
-	563 BC Birth of the Buddha in Lumbini, Nepal.	-
-	-	551 BC Birth of the great teacher, Confucius in China.
-	549 BC Cyrus the Great of Persia (Iran) conqueres Lydia.	-
-	539 BC Babylon (Iraq) is conquered by the Persians (Iran) & it becomes part of the mighty Persian empire.	-
-	538 BC King Cyrus of Persia (Iran) allows the Jews to return to Jerusalem.	-
526 BC Cambyses of Persia (Iran) conquers Egypt.	526 BC Cambyses of Persia (Iran) conquers Egypt.	-
-	521-486 BC Reign of Darius I, Persia's (Iran) "king of kings."	-
-	509 BC The founding of the Roman Republic.	-
-	508 BC Democracy is introduced in Athens, Greece.	-
-	500-336 BC The Classical Period. Greek culture reaches its height.	-
-	499-479 BC Persians (Iran) led by Darius I & Xerxes try, but fail, to conquer Greece.	-
-	490-449 BC The Persian wars. The Greeks are victorious.	-
-	483 BC Death of the Buddha in Kushinagara, India.	-
-	-	481-221 BC The so-called Warring States Period, when most of China is in a state of civil war.
-	479-431 BC The Golden Age of Athens, a time of great prosperity & achievement for the city of Greece.	-
-	447-438 BC The Parthenon temple is built in Athens, Greece.	-
-	431-404 BC The two Greek states of Athens & Sparta fight each other in the Peloponnesian Wars. Sparta wins with Persian help.	-
-	430 BC Plague devastates Athens, Greece.	-
400 BC The Maya (central America) have built several large pyramid-temples, like those in Tikal in Guatemala.	-	-
-	400 BC The Celts build farms & hill-forts in southern & western Europe.	-
400-300 BC The Olmec city of La venta in Mexico is abandoned and destroyed.	-	-
-	390 BC The Gauls (French Celts) sack the city of Rome.	-
-	371 BC The Greek city-state Sparta is defeated by Greek city-state of Thebes.	-
-	362 BC The Greek city-state of Thebans is defeated at the battle of Mantinea by the Greek city-states of Sparta & Athens.	-
-	356 BC Alexander is born in Macedonia (north of Greece). He becomes king in 336 BC after Philip II is murdered.	-
-	338 BC The Greeks are defeated by the Macedonians (north of Greece) at the battle of Chaeronea. This spells the end of Greek independence.	-
-	336-30 BC The Hellenistic Period in Greece. Alexander's conquests spread Greek culture.	-
-	334 BC Alexander's army (Macedonia, north of Greece) invades the Persian empire.	-
-	333 BC Alexander (Macedonia, north of Greece) defeats Darius III's huge Persian army (Iran) at the battle of Issus.	-
-	332 BC Alexander the Great of Macedonia (north of Greece) conquers Phoencia of the Mediterranean.	-
332 BC Alexander (Macedonia north of Greece) conquers Egypt.	332 BC Alexander (of Macedonia, north of Greece) conquers Egypt.	-
-	331 BC Alexander (of Macedonia, north of Greece) defeats the Persians (Iran) at the battle of Gaugamela.	-
-	327 BC Alexander (Macedonia north of Greece) reaches India. He is forced to turn back in 324 BC.	-
-	323 BC Alexander (Macedonia north of Greece) dies in Babylon (Mesopotamia, Iraq).	-
-	321 BC Chandragupta Maurya seizes power in India and founds the Mauryan Dynasty.	-
-	269-232 BC Reign of Ashoka Maurya, thought by some to be the greatest ruler of ancient India.	-
264-146 BC The Punic wars between Rome & Carthage in North Africa. Carthage is destroyed. Rome controls the Mediterranean.	264-146 BC The Punic wars between Rome & Carthage in North Africa. Carthage is destroyed. Rome controls the Mediterranean.	-
-	260 BC King Ashoka Maurya of India converts to Buddhism after the battle of Kalinga.	-
-	225 BC The Romans defeat the Gauls (French Celts) at the battle of Telamon in Italy.	-
-	-	221 BC Shi Huangdi unites China and founds the Qin (Ch'in) Dynasty. He becomes China's first emperor.
-	-	212 BC The burning of the books by Shi Huangdi of China - his suppression of ideas that did not match his own.
-	-	210 BC Death of Shi Huangdi of China.
-	-	206 BC The Qin Dynasty collapses and the Han Dynasty rules China until AD 9.
-	185 BC The Shunga Dynasty replaces the Mauryans in India.	-
-	147-146 BC Greece becomes part of the Roman empire.	-
-	63 BC The Romans conquer Judah, which they call Judea.	-
-	58-50 BC Julius Ceasar, a Roman general, conquers all of Gaul (France).	-
-	52 BC Vercingetorix, Chieftain of the Arveni tribe in Gaul (France), leads a revolt against the Romans in Gaul, but is defeated by Julius Ceaser, a Roman general.	-
-	49 BC Julius Ceaser seizes power to become dictator of Rome.	-
-	44 BC Julius Ceaser, dictator of Rome, is assassinated.	-
31 BC Octavian of the Romans defeats Antony & Cleopatra at the battle of Actium, & takes control of Egypt.	31 BC Octavian of the Romans defeats Antony & Cleopatra at the battle of Actium, & takes control of Egypt.	-
-	27 BC End of the Republic, start of the Roman empire.	-
-	27 BC - 14 AD Octavian takes the title of Augustus & rules as the first Roman emperor.	-
-	4 BC Jesus Christ is born in Palestine, then a Roman province.	-

(To be continued...)


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Courtesy:

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF WORLD HISTORY

(PARRAGON PUBLISHING, Queen Street House, 4 Queen Street, Bath BA1 1HE, UK)


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